Pilot whale | Baleia piloto - Globicephala sp.
|ENG|
Scientific Name: (1) Globicephala macrorhynchus (Gray, 1846) ; (2) Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809)
Common Name (UK, FR, PT, ES, DE): (1) Short-finned pilot whale. Globicéphale tropical. Baleia piloto de peitoral curta. Calderón de aletas cortas. Kurzflossen Grindwal
(2) Long-finned pilot whale. Globicéphale commun. Baleia piloto de peitoral comprida. Calderón común. Grindwal
Short Species description: Despite the common name, they belong to the dolphin family. There are two species belonging to the genus Globicephala, where the main distinguishing feature is a subtle difference in the length and shape of their pectoral fins. Being only possible to confirm the species, at sea, with videos underwater. Both of them have a highly sexually dimorphic size and appearance. In both species, the males can reach 7 meters long, where the females will have only 5 meters. The G. macrorhynchus can be slightly bigger and heavier than the G. melas. The calves can born with almost 2 meters and weigh up to 80kg. In both species, it is easy to distinguish the adult males from the rest of the group because they will have a more prominent and falcate dorsal fin. Females can live until 60 years old and males can live until 45 years old. Like orcas, the females of these species also pass through menopause (Carwardine, 2019).
Population status: Both species are listed as Least Concern in the IUCN red list. There isn't an overall abundance estimate. For the G. macrorhynchus are estimated 21,500 in the Western North Atlantic and for the G. melas there is a rough guesstimate of 1 million in the world (Carwardine, 2019).
Occurrence in the Azores: The Azores archipelago belongs to one of the areas where the distribution of both species overlaps. They are seasonal species, seen only in the summer months. From our sightings, we normally find groups with around 10 to 15 animals, however bigger and smaller groups can be found. The main observed behavior was resting at the surface. Normally they don't approach the boats.
Habitat: Both are widely distributed but have different distribution areas. The short-finned pilot whales have a mostly tropical and warm-temperate distribution (Minton et al., 2018). Long-finned pilot whales, on the other hand, are found in cool-temperate and sub-polar waters of the Southern Hemisphere, only in the North Atlantic, and Mediterranean in the Northern Hemisphere (Mintonb et al., 2018). Both species occur regularly along the continental shelf break, usually in deeper pelagic waters, and waters that are complex in terms of topography, such as seamounts and ridges (Carwardine, 2019).
Pod Size: Like Killer whales and sperm whales, pilot whales form a stable family and social groups of 20-100 individuals. These groups are based on matrilineal lines, which means that calves stay with their mothers through adulthood (IWC, 2021). The typical group size is around 8 to 20 individuals.
Typical Behavior: Can be seen with other species, whales or other dolphins. Not common to breach. They often can spy hopping or lobtailing. Spend a big part o the day resting at the surface. Primarily squid eaters but can eat other fishes when available.
Conservation: Due to strong social bonds between individuals and herding instincts, strandings and drive fisheries (where they are herded towards shore by many boats and then killed in shallow waters), happen easily (IWC, 2021). Nowadays, these animals are still hunted every year in the Faroe Islands and Greenland (Minton et al., 2018). They are also susceptible to entanglement and bycatch in fishing gear.
|PT|
Nome científico: (1) Globicephala macrorhynchus (Gray, 1846) ; (2) Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809)
Nome comum (UK, FR, PT, ES, DE): (1) Short-finned pilot whale. Globicéphale tropical. Baleia piloto de peitoral curta. Calderón de aletas cortas. Kurzflossen Grindwal
(2) Long-finned pilot whale. Globicéphale commun. Baleia piloto de peitoral comprida. Calderón común. Grindwal
Breve descrição da espécie: Apesar de o nome comum ser baleia, na realidade estes animais são golfinhos, pertencendo à subordem odontocetos. Existem duas espécies que pertencem ao género Globicephala, sendo que a principal distinção morfológica entre ambas, é a diferença no tamanho e formato das suas barbatanas peitorais. Esta diferença é apenas possível de confirmar através de fotografias ou vídeos subaquáticos. Ambas as espécies têm dimorfismo sexual em tamanho e aparência. Tanto na G. melas como na G. macrorhynchus, os machos podem chegar aos 7 metros de comprimento, enquanto as fêmeas chegam apenas aos 5 metros. A G. macrorhynchus poderá ser um pouco maior do que a G. melas. As crias nascem com quase 2 metros e pesam até 80kg. Nas duas espécies pode-se facilmente distinguir os machos adultos dos restantes indivíduos, dado que têm uma barbatana dorsal mais proeminente, sendo esta mais alta e mais falcada. As fêmeas têm uma esperança média de vida maior que os machos, podendo chegar aos 60 anos enquanto nos machos será 45 anos. Como as orcas, as fêmeas desta espécie passam pela menopausa (Carwardine, 2019).
Estado da população: Ambas as espécies estão listadas com um estatuto de conservação Pouco preocupante, pela lista vermelha da IUCN. Para G. macrorhynchus são estimados 21,500 animais no Norte Atlântico Ocidental e para G. melas existe uma estimação bruta de 1 milhão no mundo (Carwardine, 2019).
Ocorrência nos Açores: O arquipélago dos Açores pertence a uma das áreas em que a distribuição de ambas as espécies sobrepõem-se. São espécies sazonais, avistadas apenas nos meses de verão. De acordo com os nossos avistamentos, podem ser vistos grupos com 10 a 15 animais, contudo poderão também ser observados grupos com mais ou menos indivíduos. O comportamento principal observado é os animais a descansarem à superfície. Não tendem a aproximar-se das embarcações.
Habitat: Ambas as espécies têm uma distribuição ampla mas com áreas de distribuição distintas. A baleia piloto de peitoral curta prefere águas tropicais e temperadas (Minton et al., 2018). A baleia piloto de peitoral longa prefere águas mais frias e subpolares do Atlântico Norte, no hemisfério sul, e do Mediterrâneo, no hemisfério norte (Mintonb et al., 2018). Ambas as espécies ocorrem ao longo da plataforma continental, usualmente em águas pelágicas profundas e águas que são complexas em termos de topografia, como montes e falhas submarinas (Carwardine, 2019).
Tamanho do grupo: Como as orcas e os cachalotes, as baleias piloto formam grupos familiares e sociais estáveis de 20 a 100 indivíduos. Estes grupos são baseados em linhas matrilineares, o que significa que as crias ficam com as mães durante toda a sua vida (IWC, 2021). O tamanho de grupo mais frequente varia entre 8 a 20 indivíduos.
Comportamento característico: Pode ser visto com outras espécies, baleias ou outros golfinhos. É pouco comum fazer saltos. Frequentemente fazem spyhop e lançamentos de cauda. Passam uma grande parte do dia a descansar à superfície. Comem principalmente lulas mas podem comer outros peixes.
Conservação: Devido às fortes ligações entre indivíduos e instintos de manada, os arrojamentos e o ajuntamento de animais em águas pouco profundas derivado por barcos de pesca, acontecem com facilidade (IWC, 2021). Actualmente, estes animais ainda são caçados e mortos pela sua carne nas Ilhas Faroé e Gronelândia (Minton et al., 2018). Também estão susceptíveis ao bycatch e aprisionamento em redes de pesca fantasma.
References | Referências
Carwardine, M. (2019). Sei whale Balaenoptera borealis. Handbook of Whales, Dolphins ad Porpoises of the world, pp.100-105. Princeton University Press, United States.
IWC. 2021. Pilot whale. https://iwc.int/pilot-whale, visited at 26.01.2021
Minton, G., Braulik, G. & Reeves, R. 2018. Globicephala macrorhynchus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T9249A50355227. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9249/50355227, visited at 26.01.2021
Minton(b), G., Reeves, R. & Braulik, G. 2018. Globicephala melas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T9250A50356171. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9250/50356171, visited at 26.01.2021
Prieto, R. and Fernandes, M. (2007). Revision of the occurrence of the long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809), in the Azores. Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences 24: 65-69
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